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In software development, a codebase (or code base) is a collection of source code used to build a particular software system, application, or software component. Typically, a codebase includes only human-written source code system files; thus, a codebase usually does not include source code files generated by tools (generated files) or binary library files (object files), as they can be built from the human-written source code. However, it generally does include configuration and property files, as they are the data necessary for the build.
A codebase is typically stored in a source control repository in a version control system. A source code repository is a place where large amounts of source code are kept, either publicly or privately. Source code repositories are used most basically for backups and versioning, and on multi-developer projects to handle various source code versions and to provide aid in resolving conflicts that arise from developers submitting overlapping modifications.
Subversion, Git and Mercurial are examples of popular tools used to handle this workflow, which are common in open source projects.
For smaller projects, its code may be kept as a non-managed set of files (even the Linux kernel was maintained as a set of files for many years).[1]
Distinct and monolithic codebases
[edit]Multiple projects can have separate, distinct codebases, or can have a single, shared or monolithic codebase. This is particularly the case for related projects, such as those developed within the same company. In more detail, a monolithic codebase typically entails a single repository (all the code in one place), and often a common build system or common libraries. Whether the codebase is shared or split does not depend on the system architecture and actual build results; thus, a monolithic codebase, which is related to the actual development, does not entail a monolithic system, which is related to software architecture or a single monolithic binary. As a result, a monolithic codebase may and (for large codebases) often will consist of separate components, instead of carrying only a single system or single binary; a distributed codebase (with multiple components) can be used to build a single monolithic system or even a single binary. For example, the Linux kernel is architecturally a single monolithic kernel, but it consists of separate binaries (loadable components), and is developed in multiple distributed repositories.
There are both advantages and disadvantages to a monolithic codebase when it is compared to a distributed codebase.[2][3] Most simply, a monolithic codebase simplifies integration?—?changes to different components or refactoring of code between components can be done easily and atomically?—?and allows operations across the entire codebase, but requires a larger repository and makes it easier to introduce wide-ranging technical debt.[dubious – discuss] A separate codebase or a distributed codebase keeps individual repositories smaller and more manageable, enforcing at the same time separation between components, but it also requires integration between codebases (or with the main repository), and complicates changes that span multiple codebases.[4]
In terms of standards, referring to multiple codebases as "distinct" declares that there are independent implementations without shared source code and that, historically, these implementations did not evolve from a common project. This may be a way of demonstrating interoperability by showing two independent pieces of software that implement a given standard.[dubious – discuss]
Examples
[edit]Some notably large codebases include:
- Google: monolithic, 1 billion files, 9 million source code files, 2 billion lines of source code, 35 million commits in total, 86 TB total size (January 2015)[5]
- Facebook: monolithic, 8 GB (repo 54 GB including history, 2014),[6] hundreds of thousands of files (2014)[3]
- Linux kernel: distributed,[7] over 15 million lines of code (as of 2013[update] and kernel version 3.10)
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ "A Short History of Git". git-scm.com. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
- ^ J. David Morgenthaler; Misha Gridnev; Raluca Sauciuc & Sanjay Bhansali (2012). "Searching for Build Debt: Experiences Managing Technical Debt at Google". Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Managing Technical Debt. IEEE. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/MTD.2012.6225994.
- ^ a b "Scaling Mercurial at Facebook". Facebook Code. 2025-08-08. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ "Git - Distributed Workflows". git-scm.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- ^ Potvin, Rachel; Levenberg, Josh (24 June 2016). "Why Google stores billions of lines of code in a single repository". Communications of the ACM. 59 (7): 78–87. doi:10.1145/2854146.
- ^ @feross (April 24, 2014). "Facebook's git repo is 54 GB" (Tweet). Retrieved 29 April 2016 – via Twitter.
- ^ Sproull, Lee; Moon, Jae Yun (2025-08-08). "Essence of distributed work: The case of the Linux kernel - Moon - First Monday". First Monday. 5 (11). Retrieved 29 April 2016.