2016罗博年度艺术家 | 当代艺术里的“摇滚精神”
 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Telecommunications and mass media |
| Founded | 1990 |
| Defunct | 2008 |
| Fate | Acquired |
| Successor | Daisy Group |
| Headquarters | London, England |
| Products | Communications |
Pipex (/?pa?p?ks/ PY-peks) was the United Kingdom's first commercial Internet service provider (ISP). It was formed in 1990 and helped to develop the ISP market in the UK. In 1992 it began operating a 64k transatlantic leased line and built a connection to the UK government's JANET network. One of its first customers was Demon Internet which popularised dial up modem based internet access in the UK. It was also one of the key players in the development of the London Internet Exchange through a meeting with BT in 1994.
The company went through a number of mergers and acquisitions and by 2007 had dropped to be the sixth largest ISP in the UK.[1] The Pipex name was used by a number of companies within the group, which were gradually renamed following the sale of its home broadband business to Tiscali UK in 2007. In 2009, the former Pipex Wireless business, rebranded as Freedom4, bought the former Pipex Business, known as Vialtus. Freedom4 also purchased Daisy Group through a reverse takeover, and the three companies were brought together as Daisy.
History
[edit]Formation
[edit]The company was formed as the first commercial ISP in the UK by Unipalm in 1990 as The Public I.P. Exchange Ltd (PIPEX), founded by Peter Dawe.[2] In mid 1992, it began operating a 64k transatlantic leased line to UUNET and another to JANET.[3][4] One of its first customers was Demon Internet, shortly followed by the BBC.[3]
In November 1994, Keith Mitchell, then chief technical officer of PIPEX, initiated a meeting with BT to discuss the creation of a London-based Internet exchange. Pipex donated a Cisco Catalyst 1200 Network switch which formed the basis of the London Internet Exchange (LINX).[5]
Unipalm Pipex was sold to UUNet in November 1995 for ￡150 million and became UUNet/Pipex.[2][6]
The brand became known as Worldcom Pipex, after UUnet merged with MFS, which is later acquired by WorldCom before merging with MCI to form MCI WorldCom, later renaming back to MCI which was then taken over by Verizon Communications.[7] Pipex retained contracts with Verizon with regards to the network structure. David Rickards and family acquired the PIPEX brand for an undisclosed sum and the new company PIPEX Internet Ltd was born.
In January 2002 saw the first push to provide digital subscriber line (DSL) lines instead of traditional modems and Pipex invested ￡2 million to get 40,000 DSL users online.[8]
Reorganisation
[edit]In October 2003 Pipex was acquired by GX Networks plc, which retained the Pipex name by renaming itself Pipex Communications plc.[9] In September 2006, Pipex purchased Toucan from IDT Telecom for ￡24 million, and Cable & Wireless' Bulldog Broadband for ￡12 million.[10]
Pipex sold its home broadband business and the rights to use the Pipex name to Tiscali UK in July 2007 for ￡210 million.[11][12] As a consequence, Pipex Wireless was renamed Freedom4 in October 2007,[13] followed by Pipex Business in February 2008 which was renamed Vialtus.[14] Pipex Communications reverted to the GX Networks name in March 2008.[15][16]
Freedom4 agreed to purchase Vialtus and Daisy Group in July 2009, performing a reverse takeover of Daisy.[17] The former Pipex residential business, as part of Tiscali, was integrated into TalkTalk when Tiscali UK was itself acquired by TalkTalk's parent The Carphone Warehouse in 2009.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Andrews, Robert (March 13, 2007). "Oldest UK ISP Pipex on the block". e-consultancy.com. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
- ^ a b "Dr Peter Dawe OBE". inovatech-powerline.com. 2008. Archived from the original on January 20, 2008. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
- ^ a b "BBC Internet Services - History". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "How the UK got connected". The Telegraph. 2025-08-04. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2025-08-04; "About PIPEX". GTNet. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
- ^ "LINX Website - History of LINX". linx.net. Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "Independent summary and comment of news items from the East Cambridgeshire area - East Cambridgeshire On-Line News". ecoln.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
- ^ "GTNet - News". Archived from the original on 2025-08-04. Retrieved 2025-08-04.
- ^ Richardson, Tim (25 January 2002). "Pipex invests ￡2m to get 40,000 DSL users online". The Register. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ Richardson, Tim (3 October 2003). "GX Networks to buy Pipex for ￡55m". The Register. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ Sherriff, Lucy (7 September 2006). "Pipex snaps up Toucan, Bulldog". The Register. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ "Tiscali buys Pipex broadband unit". BBC News. 13 July 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ Wray, Richard (14 July 2007). "Tiscali moves up the broadband scale with Pipex's customers". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ Meyer, David (10 March 2008). "Pipex Communications becomes GX Networks". ZDNet. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ Williams, Christopher (1 February 2008). "Pipex Business calls in the strategy boutique". The Register. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- ^ Turner, Brian (5 March 2008). "Pipex renamed GX Networks". Techwatch. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ Nixon, Dave (9 March 2008). "Previous divisions of Pipex group become GX Networks". Techwatch. Archived from the original on 9 March 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- ^ "Freedom4 confirms Daisy and Vialtus acquisitions". Microscope. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
Further reading
[edit]- Costello, Neil (2000). Stability and Change in High-Tech Enterprises: Organisational Practices in Sme's. Routledge. ISBN 0415231213.